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MBE Advance Access published online on February 9, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi108
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Molecular Biology and Evolution ©The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org.
Accepted January 25, 2005

Research Article

Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Demosponges Provide Insights into an Early Stage of Animal Evolution

Dennis V. Lavrov 1, Lise Forget 1, Michelle Kelly 2, and B. Franz Lang 3*

1 Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1J4
2 National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd. PB 109-695, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand
3 Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1J4; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Centre Robert Cedergren

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
B. Franz Lang, E-mail: dlavrov{at}iastate.edu


  Abstract

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of multicellular animals (Metazoa) is typically a small (~16 kbp), circular-mapping molecule that encodes 37 tightly packed genes. The structures of mtDNA-encoded tRNAs and rRNAs are usually highly unorthodox, and proteins are translated with multiple deviations from the standard genetic code. In contrast, mtDNA of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis, the closest unicellular relative of animals, is four times larger, contains 1.5 times as many genes and lacks mentioned peculiarities of animal mtDNA. To investigate the evolutionary transition that led to the specific organization of metazoan mtDNA, we determined complete mitochondrial sequences from the demosponges Geodia neptuni and Tethya actinia, two representatives of the most basal animal phylum, the Porifera. We found that poriferan mtDNAs resemble those of other animals in their compact organization, lack of introns, and a well-conserved animal-like gene order. Yet, they contain several extra genes, encode bacterial-like ribosomal and transfer RNAs, and use a minimally derived genetic code. Our findings suggest that the evolution of the typical metazoan mtDNA has been a multi-step process in which the compact genome organization and the reduced gene content were established prior to the reduction of tRNA and rRNA structures and the introduction of multiple changes of the translation code.

Keywords: sponge mitochondrial DNAs; mitochondrial evolution; evolutionary rates.
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