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MBE Advance Access published online on June 30, 2004
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh200
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004; all rights reserved
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Accepted June 23, 2004

Original Articles

Evolutionary Genomics of Nuclear Receptors: From 25 Ancestral Genes to Derived Endocrine Systems

Stéphanie Bertrand 1, Frédéric G. Brunet 1, Hector Escriva 1, Gilles Parmentier 1, Vincent Laudet 1*, Marc Robinson-Rechavi 1

1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR CNRS 5161, INRA LA 1237, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: vincent.laudet{at}ens-lyon.fr.


  Abstract

Bilaterian animals are notably characterized by complex endocrine systems. The receptors for many steroids, retinoids, and other hormones, belong to the superfamily of nuclear receptors, which are transcription factors regulating many aspects of development and homeostasis. Despite a diversity of regulatory mechanisms and of physiological roles, nuclear receptors share a common protein organization. To obtain the broad picture of bilaterian nuclear hormone receptor evolution, we have characterized the complete set of nuclear receptor genes from nine animal genome sequences, and analyzed it in a phylogenetic framework. In addition, Expressed Sequence Tags from key lineages with no available genome sequence were also searched. This allows us to date the evolutionary events which led from an ancestral nuclear receptor gene, in an early metazoan, to present day diversity. We show that there were ca. 25 nuclear receptor genes in Urbilateria, the ancestor of bilaterians, at which point the fundamental diversity of the subfamily was already established. Surprisingly, differential gene loss played an important role in the evolution of different nuclear receptor sets in bilaterian lineages. The nuclear receptor distribution was also shaped by periods of gene duplication, essentially in vertebrates, as well as a lineage specific duplication burst in nematodes. Our results imply that the genes for major receptors such as steroid receptors or thyroid hormone receptors were present in Urbilateria.

Keywords: bilaterian; development; endocrinology; gene duplication; gene loss; phylogeny.
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