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MBE Advance Access published online on July 23, 2008
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msn157
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Research article

Chalcone Synthase Gene Lineage Diversification confirms Allopolyploid Evolutionary Relationships of European Rostrate Violets

Kevin van den Hof1, Ronald G. van den Berg2 and Barbara Gravendeel1

1 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland - Leiden University, P.O. box 9514, Leiden, The Netherlands
2 Leerstoelgroep Biosystematiek - Wageningen University, Generaal Foulkesweg 37, 6703 BL, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Corresponding Author: Kevin van den Hof, Nationaal Herbarium Nederland - Leiden University, P.O. box 9514 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31714273546 / +31617368515, Fax: +31715273511. E-mail: vandenhof{at}nhn.leidenuniv.nl

Received for publication January 2, 2008. Revision received April 18, 2008. Accepted for publication July 11, 2008.

Phylogenetic relationships among and within the subsections of the genus Viola are still far from resolved. We present the first organismal phylogeny of predominantly western European species of subsection Rostratae based on the plastid trnS-trnG intron and intergenic spacer and the nuclear low-copy gene Chalcone Synthase (CHS) sequences. CHS is a key enzyme in the synthesis of flavonoids, which are important for flower pigmentation. Genes encoding for CHS are members of a multigene family. In Viola, three different CHS copies are present. CHS gene lineages obtained confirmed earlier hypotheses about reticulate relationships between species of Viola subsection Rostratae based on karyotype data. Comparison of the CHS gene lineage tree and the plastid species phylogeny of Viola reconstructed in this study indicates that the different CHS copies present in Viola are the products of both recent and more ancient duplications.

Key Words: Chalcone synthase • gene lineage diversification • phylogeny • Viola subsection Rostratae • allopolyploidy • trnS-trnG


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